Unexplained Deaths in Early Kansas

 In 2018, I made a post to this blog about the families of two Reeves' brothers who migrated into the Kansas Territory as soon as it was opened for settlement.  Gaston and Terrell Reeves were sons of William Reeves and Anne Terrell originally of the New River area of western North Carolina and southwestern Virginia.  William's father was George Reeves of Grayson County, Virginia who settled on the Peach Bottom Tract there in 1767 and served in a Revolutionary War unit from Montgomery County, Virginia. The known history of these Kansas settlers can be found in my initial post Settlers in Kansas Territory

At the time, I was puzzled by the deaths of both couples and most of their children within a decade after their arrival in Kansas.  They settled along the Verdigris River in southeastern Kansas and I wondered whether there had been attacks by Native Americans to the settlement or if some forces of nature such as tornados could have been responsible for so many deaths in these families. I searched most available sources but found nothing that might explain their deaths until several years ago when one of the descendants of Gaston Reeves joined  The Reeves Project and emailed to me all of the information he had been able to locate. 

1860 Census
Greenwood County, Kansas

My distant cousin Joe had finally discovered what appears to be the cause of their deaths when he came across a letter written in 1860 by Dr. Aaron Venard pleading for medical supplies.  When I discovered that the parents of these two families were missing in the 1860 census, I had found Gaston Reeves' children living in the home of Dr. Venard in Greenwood County.  In the letter that Joe found from Dr. Aaron Venard to Thaddeus Hyatt, he details the effects of scurvy on the pioneer settlement.  I have never considered scurvy a factor in anything other than long sea voyages, but apparently drought and the limited availability of adequate food sources to prevent illness had taken a toll on these settlements.

Dr. Venard's letter details the sicknesses of the prior winter and mentions that the primary problem was scurvy. Those who had come the previous year and made it through until Christmas, began to recover when the vegetables became available in January and February.

He explained that when vegetables did not exist, the scurvy was rampant.  He wrote that over the coming winter he expected the scurvy would ravish the settlers again.

Many more died over the coming 10 year period.  By 1873 practically all of the children of Gaston Reeves were deceased as well as the majority of Terrill Reeves' children.  Only Gaston's two youngest daughters are recorded as moving further toward the Pacific coast and lived into the next century.

The ancestors of my cousin Joe Hubbell, Elizabeth Easter Reeves and David F. Carter married in 1872 and migrated to California in 1875.  Many thanks to Joe for sharing all this trove of information about these families.

New Data for Reeves Family of Grayson County

The Library of Virginia's Chancery Case Index continues to add more scanned documents for additional counties.  This week I discovered a 236 page Wythe County chancery case which is based upon probate records of the 1821 suit Benjamin Austin et al vs the Administrators of George Reeves, Sr. of Grayson County, Virginia.  The Wythe County index also includes two other cases pertaining to this Reeves' family, the 1815 "Matthew Dickey vs the Admins of George Reaves" (sic) and the 1833 case "George Reeves ETC vs James Cox ETC".

All three of these cases appear to have initially been a result of slaves inherited by the descendants of Timothy Terrell which were left to him in his father John Terrell's will.  Timothy's daughters Anne and Obedience married William and Jesse Reeves, sons of George Reeves, Sr.  The 1833 case gives a great amount of biographical information on Timothy Terrell which I had never seen documented previously.  He is believed to have been killed by Indians but I had never seen  proof; however, this 1833 case does that.  He had migrated to the area of Nashville, Tennessee during the early settlement of that area where he was killed by Indians in 1779 and this 1833 document provides proof of that information.

After Timothy Terrell's death, his widow returned to North Carolina where in 1783, she married James Cox.  At Elizabeth Terrell Cox's death, Timothy Terrell's property remained in the possession of James Cox which is the source of this legal action. The suit was filed by George Reeves, son of Jesse Reeves and Obedience "Biddy" Terrell Reeves and included as plaintiffs all of the children of Biddy Terrell Reeves as well as William and Anne Terrell Reeves.

Valentine Collins Note

The 1821 suit initially mentioned here is based primarily on the extant documents regarding the estate of George Reeves, Sr.  He died intestate, leaving no will, so this estate file includes the inventory of his estate and records of sales of his property and names all of his heirs in addition to numerous copies of notes to be paid to the estate.  

Included within those notes there is even an early note circa 1807 assigned by George Reeves to Valentine Collins which was witnessed by his nephew Jeremiah Reeves, son of William Reeves of Wake County, North Carolina.  Jeremiah had migrated west of Grayson County into eastern Kentucky by that time along with his father.

These wonderful extant files can contain countless gems of important biographical information.  I have examined each of the 236 pages of the 1821 chancery case but it requires much more scrutiny to know if there are other tidbits of family data in these pages.  One item I have already found is a court document which provided the approximate date of death of Jane Burton Reeves.  There are numerous dates of death entries online but I had never found a valid source.  A Jane Reeves is listed on the Grayson County tax lists through 1816 which I believe could have been George Reeves Sr.'s widow but Jane Osborne Reeves, the widow of deceased George Reeves, Jr. did not remarry until 1818 and those tax lists may have been listing her instead.  Within the 1821 chancery case, a copy of a statement for George Reeves, Sr.'s account contains a court order which details the death of George's widow before 1 April 1813 when the sale of the property she had received as her dower was recorded.  Another document in that file explains that all of Jane Burton Reeves' personal property was given to her daughters to be divided among them.

Court Order with date before which Jane Burton Reeves died.

These three chancery cases may be able to provide much more needed information about the family of George Reeves with the necessary research.  For anyone related to this family, it would be to your advantage to spend some time searching the Library of Virginia's Chancery Case Index.  I've found some great information there.

The Rives (Ryves) of Damory Court

Blandford Forum

In 1929, James Rives Childs of Lynchburg, Virginia published Reliques of the Rives (Ryves): being historical and genealogical notes of the ancient family Ryves of County Dorset. This book has been a mainstay for Reeves researchers; however, only a small portion of today’s Reeves’ families descend from this lineage. This Reeves (Rives) family is represented in Group 8 of the Reeves DNA Project which currently has twenty-five members with matching Y-DNA verifying their kinship.

Gravestone Inscription of
Robert Ryves

The Dorset family of Ryves descends from one Robert Ryves of Blandford County, Dorset, England who is the first of the name in England of whom there is record. He was born about 1490 and died 11 February 1551. Although the old church of Blandford Forum was destroyed by fire in 1731, an officer in the King’s Army in 1644 made notes describing the tomb of Robert Ryves. His grandson, Sir John Ryves, born 1536, in a petition stated that King Henry VIII had granted the premises of the manor of Milton County, Dorset to Robert Ryves in 1546.

Many family history books written and published long before the current level of access to historical documents contain abundant misinformation because they relied heavily on proximity as a source of family connections. Childs spend a great amount of time researching Reliques and the book appears to be factual except for a few errors that seem based upon data submitted by Reeves descendants, not the work of Childs himself.

At the time in 1929 when Reliques of the Rives (Ryves) was first published, Childs believed that the immigrant ancestor of this family was William Ryves who was a titheable in Surry County, Virginia in 1684 and 1695. After much further scrutiny and mounting inferential evidence in support of the theory, in 1957, James Rives Childs wrote an amendment to the book which was published in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.

During the years after the first publiation, Childs felt that based upon his subsequent research along with additions and corrections shared by others that the immigrant was more likely Timothy Ryves, born 1625, the son of Timothy and Mary Ryves of Oxford. Timothy Rieve or Rives' estate was recorded in the Charles City County Order Book for 1687-1695. He was the father of George, Robert, John, and Timothy Rives, of Virginia.

Recently a Reeves colleague who descends from this family shared a link to this book that contains many interesting tidbits that may be of interest to other members of DNA Group 8 and others of the Rives or Reeves family descending from this lineage.

A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain By Bernard Burke · pub. 1900

Some Reeves Origins in Portugal or Spain?

I have spent many years searching for all the details of the life of my earliest known Reeves' ancestor, William Reeves (he, his sons and grandsons spelled it Reves). In 1746 Henry McCulloch conveyed to him 400 acres on the Neuse River which documents his residence in Johnston County, North Carolina by that date. None of those early records provide any clue to his origins. That 1746 deed simply describes him as "of Johnston County" which indicates that he was living in that county when the deed was recorded.

1746 Herman Moll Map of Carolina

This land was in Orange County in the 1750s, then back to Johnston by around 1762 and finally to Wake County at it's inception in 1771. The extant records of Orange, Johnston and Wake counties have provided all I know about my fifth great grandfather, William Reeves or Reves, Sr. I have searched court, deed, tax and probate records. He was fairly prominent in that community and served in various county positions such as tax assessor and collector as well as serving as a Justice of the County Court after the American Revolution. He has been designated by the DAR as a patriot due to his civil service during the Revolution and he also provided provisions for the American forces.

The Reeves DNA Project at FtDNA has identified thirteen individuals whose DNA matches that of descendants of William Reeves, Jr. and George Reeves, Sr. later of Grayson County, Virginia who appear to be his sons. It is possible there may have been one more son since he is listed with 4 white tithes on the 1755 tax list of Orange County. The names of those 3 sons are not included so the 4th tithe is unknown. Being a co-admin of that DNA project, I am always consistently watching for other genetic matches, but thus far have found none in the American colonies. However, as the project expands and more individuals participate, a theory is beginning to form regarding the abundance of matches to these thirteen members whose origins are in Portugal and Spain.

The prospect of his origins having been on the Iberian Peninsula had never occurred to me. My focus has always been on Great Britain. Ireland has been a primary direction of my interest due to the biography of William T. Reeves, born 1855, who migrated to Idaho circa 1885 where he served as a judge. He was a great grandson of William Reeves, Jr. and in that biography stated that his ancestor had come from Northern Ireland. However, a few years ago a new match to Group 6A at FtDNA, Seán, contacted me as he searched for his Reeves' family. His surname was not Reeves but his Y-DNA was a genetic match to the descendants of both William Reeves, Jr. and George Reeves, Sr. After some research, it became apparent that he appeared to be either an adoptee or the result of an NPE (non-paternity event) and was descended from George Reeves, Sr.'s family of Grayson, Virginia. We were unable to identify the exact male from whom Seán descended but were able to rule out the majority of that family especially those who remained in North Carolina.

Spanish Armada of 1588

In the course of Seán's search for his correct ancestor, he made contact with Frankie who was a Y-DNA match but had no known connection to the Reeves' family, instead his origins were in Portugal.  I initially didn't think this connection to a Portuguese match was particularly relevant but since there were no other Y-DNA matches in the entire FtDNA system to the members of our DNA Group 6A, recently I decided to go back through everyone's matches to see if there were any other anomalies. When I did, I found more matches, one at 111 markers, for individuals from Spain or Portugal. Of all the testers who match that group they are the only ones who don't descend from either George Reeves of Grayson, Virginia or his probable brother William Reeves of Wake County, North Carolina.

In the course of making a detailed study of matches to this DNA Group by testers of Portuguese or Spanish lineage, I have found that every member of the group has a match at some level, 111, 67, 37 or even 25 markers.  The estimated time frame per FtDNA software is somewhere around 1000-1800 CE.  

My initial thought was the proximity to the time of the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British fleet in 1588. That might have produced a connection to someone from Spain or the Iberian Peninsula. Numerous Spanish ships wrecked along the western Irish coast in 1588 when they attempted to make their way to open sea and return to Spain after the armada's defeat. Many lives were lost in Ireland and most were captured and executed but in some areas of Ireland the inhabitants were kinder and helped the Spanish sailors return home and some even are reported as having remained in Ireland. In the course of this research, I have also learned that there was much sea trade between Spanish merchants and the Irish ports which should also be added to the possible connections to Spain and Portugal.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

At this point, after a decade of searching for Y-DNA matches to the members of DNA Group 6A, it may be a solution to the mystery. Time and much research may be able to prove or disprove the theory.

Post Script:
There has been a family legend that Elizabeth Reeves Phipps, daughter of George Reeves, Sr. of Grayson County, always said she was "Portuguese Indian"! Reeves’ paternal DNA isn't related to native Americans, but these recent Y-DNA matches tend to support the validity of this theory of Portuguese ancestors. A New River neighbor, Mary Hollifield, in 1929 said: ‘The Reeves are said to come from Portugal. They had brown eyes and black hair.

Reeves Origins in Chesterfield, Virginia

The book Pioneer Settlers of Grayson County, Virginia by Benjamin Floyd Nuckolls, pub. 1913 in its mention of the Reeves' family early settlers states that George Reeves and his family came to the New River area from Drewry's Bluff in Chesterfield County, Virginia.  This incorrect history is also included in Foot Prints on the Sands of Time:  A History of Southwestern Virginia and Northwestern North Carolina by Dr. A. B. Cox, pub. 1900 which states that the family came from eastern Virginia.  That misinformation has been perpetually repeated in countless Reeves's pedigrees and history.  A thorough search of the records of Chesterfield County produced no historical records of this family with the only Reeves found there a John Reaves who was a taxpayer in 1757.  Both of these books were published more than 130 years after George Reeves is known to have settled on the Peach Bottom tract of the New River in 1767 and 100 years after his death.

George Reeves' mark registered in Orange County

This Reeves' family actually first appeared in the records of Orange County, North Carolina in the 1750's.  A young George Reeves' registered his mark (cattle brand) in Orange County Court in February 1761.  His apparent brother based upon Y-DNA results, William Reeves, Jr., had likewise registered his mark there in August of 1760.  Over the next five (5) years, George Reeves is recorded in numerous deeds which named Richard Burton and William Reeves in Johnston County in the mid 1760's as either witnesses or adjoining landowners. 

Jane Burton who married George Reeves, was the daughter of Richard and Ann Burton originally of the Henrico County area and finally residents of Augusta County Virginia before their appearance in Cumberland County, North Carolina in November of 1760 when Richard Burton entered 150 acres there on the east side of Drowning Creek which separates the present day counties of Montgomery and Moore.  Ann whose maiden name is unknown, was named in various Virginia deeds and is included in the deeds involving Richard Burton in Cumberland and Johnston counties of North Carolina.

A 1763 Johnston County, North Carolina deed from Richard & Ann Burton of Johnston County to Samuel Peek of Buckingham County, Virginia describes the 314 acre tract on the Neuse River as starting at William Reeves' corner.

1763 Deed for 314 acres in Johnston County

Ann Burton died sometime prior to April 1765 when the widow of James Farmer who had died in Johnston County in January of 1761 was named as Mary Burton when the sale and inventory of the estate of James Farmer was exhibited in Johnston County Court.  This record indicates that Richard Burton had married the widow of James Farmer after Ann's death.

Oral family history connecting the family of George Reeves, Sr. of Grayson County, Virginia to Chesterfield County is undoubtedly based upon Burton family history, not Reeves.  A letter written by George Reeves, Sr.'s grandson George W. Reeves before his death circa 1896 stated the following:

"My grandfather's name was George Reeves whose birthplace I am unable to give, but was principally raised in eastern North Carolina. He was born about the year 1704 or 1705 (sic) and came from Neuse River, N.C., to New River, Grayson County, Virginia, about the year 1725 (sic) bringing his wife with him..."

This letter is a complete treasure even though the dates all appear to have been misread when transcribed.  The letter mentions two cousins,  William Reeves and Jeremiah Reeves, who had come to visit in his remembrance, and gives his grandmother's name as Jane Burton.  The letter disproves recent incorrect theories that George's wife was an Epps from Halifax County, Virginia as well as the Chesterfield County, Virginia origins.  A post with more information on this letter can be found at New Data on George Reeves of Grayson County.

Many thanks to excellent Burton researchers like Bob Burton and Anne Burton Washburn who shared their expertise regarding these families with me many years ago.  See post from the Genealogy Forum of years ago with details for the two Richard Burtons (cousins) who settled in Orange and Johnston counties of the Neuse River basin at https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/burton/7193/.